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Every task, paradigm and measurement approach in the wiki, in one table. Click a column heading to sort, or type in the filter to narrow the list.
Limitations noted counts the limitations recorded on the method’s page; it is a rough signal of how much scrutiny a method has had, not a quality score. On RADlab marks methods with a related task you can try on radlab.zone.
55 methods
| Accuracy of Interoceptive Anticipation and Interoceptive Discrepancy paradigms | multimodal (validated in nociception an… | The magnitude a person anticipates an upcoming interoceptive stimulus, the magnitude they then experience, and the sign… | 1 | 7 | |
| Acoustic startle response | multimodal (muscular + autonomic reflex… | The reflexive muscular and autonomic response to a sudden, intense stimulus, and — critically for trauma research — the… | 1 | 3 | |
| Activation likelihood estimation (ALE) | multimodal (analytic — meta-analysis of… | Whether reported activation peaks from many independent neuroimaging studies converge on the same brain location more t… | 2 | 4 | |
| Adrenalin (epinephrine) injection paradigm | cardiac/autonomic (sympathomimetic) | The role of peripheral sympathetic arousal in generating/differentiating emotional experience; whether induced bodily a… | 3 | 3 | |
| Affective picture viewing | visual (emotion induction) | Emotional responding to standardized, normatively rated visual stimuli — typically indexed by self-rated valence and ar… | 3 | 5 | |
| Body Perception Questionnaire (BPQ) | multimodal self-report (autonomic/visce… | Self-reported awareness of, and reactivity of, one's own bodily and autonomic processes — a sensibility/belief instrume… | 5 | 6 | |
| Breath-counting task (BCT) | respiratory / attentional (behavioural,… | Sustained, self-directed attention to the breath — operationalized through counting accuracy. Participants silently cou… | 1 | 3 | |
| Breathing Learning Task (BLT) | respiratory | Trial-by-trial learning about upcoming interoceptive events — how a person updates their expectation that a cue predict… | 1 | 6 | |
| Cold pressor test | autonomic stress induction (not an inte… | Nothing about interoception directly — it is a standardized acute-stress induction. Used here as an independent variabl… | 1 | 4 | |
| Compassion / loving-kindness meditation | N/A as a measurement tool — a contempla… | Nothing directly; used to test whether deliberately generating a compassionate state alters affective and empathic proc… | 1 | 3 | |
| Continuous flash suppression | visual (interocular suppression) | How long a stimulus stays out of conscious awareness -- a proxy for conscious access / unconscious visual processing | 1 | 2 | |
| Day Reconstruction Method (DRM) | multimodal (self-report on recalled epi… | Emotional experience across a person's actual day — intensity, valence, and (given enough emotion terms and episodes) g… | 2 | 5 | |
| Delay tasks (delayed response and delayed non-matching to sample) | behavioural (visuospatial and object wo… | The capacity to hold a cue in mind across a filled delay — the spatial ('where') domain in delayed response, the object… | 1 | 6 | |
| Dynamic functional connectivity (DFC) | multimodal (time-resolved whole-brain o… | How the correlation structure of BOLD signals changes over time within a single scan, rather than being averaged into o… | 1 | 3 | |
| Electrogastrography (EGG) | gastric | The stomach's slow myoelectrical rhythm (~0.033–0.066 Hz, i.e. 2–4 cycles per minute), recorded non-invasively from cut… | 2 | 6 | |
| emBODY (topographical bodily sensation mapping) | multimodal (whole-body subjective sensa… | The subjectively felt topography of bodily activation and deactivation during an emotion or other state -- where in the… | 4 | 10 | |
| EMBODY framework (brain decoding of internal attention) | multimodal (whole-brain fMRI decoding o… | The moment-to-moment focus of a person's INTERNAL attention -- whether they are attending to the breath, mind-wandering… | 2 | 6 | |
| Emotion differentiation (ED) task | visual emotion induction with multi-lab… | Emotional granularity and felt intensity in response to standardized affective stimuli — how differentiated a person's… | 1 | 4 | |
| Emotion-word rating norms (multidimensional semantic norming) | multimodal (semantic self-report about… | The average judged position of a large set of words on a set of semantic/affective dimensions -- e.g. how far each word… | 1 | 6 | |
| Event-related potentials | multimodal (electrocortical) | Scalp-recorded voltage changes time-locked to a stimulus, averaged over trials — the millisecond time-course of cortica… | 3 | 4 | |
| Ex-Gaussian decomposition of reaction times | analytic (applies to any RT distributio… | Separates a reaction-time distribution into a Gaussian body (mu = mean, sigma = SD) and an exponential right tail (tau)… | 1 | 3 | |
| Experience sampling / Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) | self-report (naturalistic, in-the-momen… | Emotions, appraisals, and other psychological states as they occur in daily life, by signalling participants at quasi-r… | 4 | 5 | Yes |
| False (bogus) physiological feedback paradigm | cardiac (typically auditory heart-rate… | Whether the mere belief/perception that a bodily change has occurred — independent of actual afferent signals — influen… | 3 | 2 | |
| Filter Detection Task (FDT) | respiratory | Respiratory interoceptive perceptual sensitivity (threshold), decision bias, metacognitive bias (mean confidence) and m… | 1 | 6 | Yes |
| Heart Rate Discrimination Task (HRDT) | cardiac | Cardiac interoceptive sensitivity (threshold) and precision (slope) as separated psychophysical parameters, plus metaco… | 2 | 8 | |
| Heart rate variability (HRV) | cardiac | Beat-to-beat variation in the interval between heartbeats, recorded from ECG or PPG. Its vagally-mediated components (H… | 10 | 5 | |
| Heartbeat detection task | cardiac | Interoceptive sensitivity/accuracy — an individual's ability to detect their own cardiac signals. | 20 | 13 | |
| Heartbeat-evoked potential | cardiac (electrocortical) | The cortical response to each heartbeat: an EEG deflection time-locked to the cardiac cycle (usually the R-wave) rather… | 4 | 4 | |
| Inspiratory Breathing Load (IBL) paradigm | respiratory | Anticipation and experience of an aversive inspiratory resistive load, and the gap between them -- 'interoceptive predi… | 1 | 6 | |
| Interoceptive Accuracy Scale (IAS) | multimodal self-report (21 interoceptiv… | Trait believed interoceptive accuracy — how accurately a person thinks they perceive their own bodily signals, delibera… | 2 | 6 | |
| Interoceptive attention task | multimodal (cardiac, gastric, respirato… | Which brain regions engage when a person deliberately directs attention to sensations from a named internal organ, rela… | 7 | 6 | |
| Interoceptive exposure | multimodal (typically respiratory, card… | N/A as measurement — a clinical technique; outcomes assessed via tolerance/appraisal change and symptom reduction in re… | 6 | 2 | |
| Intuitive reasoning task (IRT) | behavioural (intuitive decision-making… | The degree to which a person learns, without reportable understanding of why, to prefer profitable over unprofitable op… | 2 | 7 | |
| Iowa Gambling Task | behavioural (decision-making under ambi… | The capacity to shift choice toward long-term advantage under conditions where reward/punishment probabilities are neve… | 7 | 17 | |
| Lesion-symptom mapping | structural (human brain damage) paired… | Whether a brain region is necessary for a function -- by testing whether the function survives its destruction -- rathe… | 4 | 6 | |
| Meta-analytic reverse inference (Neurosynth decoding) | meta-analytic (whole-brain, across publ… | Two distinct quantities about a brain region and a cognitive state. Forward inference measures consistency — P(activati… | 3 | 4 | |
| Microneurography | multimodal (C-tactile/affective touch,… | Multiunit activity in peripheral nerves lying close to the skin surface in awake, unanesthetized humans — the only dire… | 2 | 3 | |
| Mindfulness meditation / body-focused contemplative training | multimodal (interoceptive and exterocep… | N/A as a measurement tool — used as an intervention/independent variable to test effects on interoceptive processing, e… | 8 | 3 | |
| Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA) | multimodal (non-specific bodily awarene… | Self-reported attitudes, beliefs and habitual styles of relating to bodily sensation across eight subscales — interocep… | 9 | 6 | |
| Multidimensional Experience Sampling (MDES) | self-report (retrospective, laboratory;… | The content and form of ongoing self-generated thought, decomposed into simultaneous dimensions — temporal orientation,… | 1 | 5 | |
| Pavlovian defense conditioning | multimodal (auditory/visual/olfactory C… | Acquisition and expression of learned threat associations — the capacity of an initially meaningless stimulus, paired w… | 3 | 6 | |
| Phase-locking value (PLV) | multimodal | The consistency of the phase difference between two oscillatory signals over time, independent of their amplitudes. Ran… | 1 | 5 | |
| Property association task | semantic self-report (conceptual, not p… | How strongly a given property (e.g. an interoceptive sensation like 'heart racing', a behavior like 'clenched fists', o… | 1 | 4 | |
| Respiratory Resistance Sensitivity Task (RRST) | respiratory | Respiratory interoceptive sensitivity (the resistive load needed for reliable detection) and precision (slope), plus me… | 1 | 6 | Yes |
| Respiratory tracking task with visuomotor perturbation (respyra) | respiratory (with visual feedback) | Voluntary respiratory control rather than respiratory perception: how accurately a person can drive their breathing to… | 1 | 7 | |
| Resting-state functional connectivity | multimodal (task-free whole-brain fMRI) | The correlation structure of spontaneous low-frequency (~0.01–0.1 Hz) BOLD fluctuations while a participant lies at res… | 11 | 4 | |
| Rubber hand illusion (RHI) | multimodal (visuo-tactile, visuo-propri… | Malleability of the experience of body ownership under multisensory conflict; used to probe interoceptive contributions… | 3 | 2 | |
| Self-Referential Encoding Task (SRET) | cognitive/affective (self-referential p… | The valence bias of self-referential processing: whether a person preferentially endorses negative vs positive trait wo… | 1 | 4 | |
| Self-report / physiology congruence | electrodermal (sympathetic arousal) x s… | Within-person correspondence between self-reported emotional arousal and a physiological index of arousal (skin conduct… | 1 | 5 | |
| Skin conductance response (SCR) | electrodermal (sympathetic cholinergic;… | Phasic change in the electrical conductance of the skin, driven by eccrine sweat gland activity under sympathetic contr… | 7 | 7 | |
| Slow breathing / device-guided breathing (DGB) | respiratory (with cardiovascular readou… | N/A as a measurement tool -- an intervention/manipulation. Used to lower respiratory rate as an independent variable, w… | 2 | 5 | |
| Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) | non-interoceptive (visual go/no-go) — u… | Sustained attention and inhibitory control, indexed by failures to withhold a prepotent response to a rare target (comm… | 1 | 4 | |
| Thermal-grill illusion | thermosensory / nociceptive (cutaneous) | A demonstration/paradigm probing central integration of thermosensory and nociceptive channels — how the brain computes… | 1 | 2 | |
| Visual crowding | visual (peripheral vision) | The accuracy of identifying a peripheral target flanked by nearby distractors -- a limit on object recognition in clutt… | 1 | 2 | |
| Ways of Coping checklist | self-report (retrospective, episode-anc… | Which coping thoughts and actions a person used in a specific recent stressful episode, sorted into problem-focused and… | 1 | 5 |
